पुढील उतारा वाचून त्यावर आधारित प्रश्नांची उत्तरे द्या :
बलप्रयोग, फौजदारीपात्र बलप्रयोग आणि हमला (Force, Criminal Force and Assault)
349. बलप्रयोग (Force) - एखाद्याने जर अन्य व्यक्तीच्या ठायी गती निर्माण केली किंवा असा गतिबदल अगर गतिविराम घडवून आणला अथवा ज्यायोगे एखाद्या पदार्थाचा त्या अन्य व्यक्तीच्या शरीराच्या कोणत्याही भागाशी किंवा त्या व्यक्तीने परिधान केलेल्या किंवा जवळ बाळगलेल्या कोणत्याही वस्तूशी संपर्क घडेल किंवा अशा संपर्कामुळे त्या अन्य व्यक्तीच्या स्पर्श संवेदनेवर परिणाम होईल अशा प्रकारे स्थित असलेल्या कोणत्याही वस्तूशी संपर्क घडेल अशा तऱ्हेने त्या पदार्थाच्या ठायी अशी गती निर्माण केली किंवा असा गतिबदल अगर गतिविराम घडवून आणणाऱ्या व्यक्तीने, यात यापुढे वर्णन करण्यात आलेल्या तीन प्रकारांपैकी एका प्रकारे गती निर्माण केली असली पाहिजे किंवा गतिबदल अगर गतिविराम घडवून आणला असला पाहिजे.
एक : स्वतःचे शारीरिक सामर्थ्य वापरणे.
दोन : एखादा पदार्थ अशा स्थितीत ठेवणे, की जेणेकरून स्वतःला किंवा अन्य कोणत्याही व्यक्तीला आणखी काही कृती करावी न लागता गती निर्माण होईल किंवा गतिबदल अगर गतिविराम घडून येईल.
तीन : कोणत्याही प्राण्याला गतिमान होण्यास, गतिबदल करण्यास किंवा गतिविराम करण्यास प्रवृत्त करणे.
350. फौजदारीपात्र बलप्रयोग (Criminal Force) - जर कोणी कोणत्याही व्यक्तीच्या बाबतीत, त्या व्यक्तीच्या संमतीशिवाय उद्देशपूर्वक बलप्रयोग केला आणि तो कोणत्याही अपराध करण्याच्या प्रयोजनार्थ असेल अथवा ज्या व्यक्तीच्या बाबतीत बलप्रयोग करण्यात आला त्या व्यक्तीस अशा बलप्रयोगाद्वारे क्षती (नुकसान) पोचावी किंवा भीती वाटावी किंवा त्रास व्हावा असा त्याचा उद्देश असेल अथवा अशा बलप्रयोगामुळे तसे होण्यास आपण कारण होण्याचा संभव असल्याची त्याला जाणीव असेल तर, तो त्या अन्य व्यक्तीच्या बाबतीत फौजदारीपात्र बलप्रयोग करतो असे म्हटले जाते.
351. हमला (Assault) - जर कोणी कोणताही हावभाव किंवा कसलीही तयारी केली आणि असा हावभाव किंवा तयारी यामुळे जो कोणी तो हावभाव किंवा तयारी करील तो समक्ष हजर असलेल्या व्यक्तीच्या बाबतीत फौजदारीपात्र स्वरूपाचा बलप्रयोग करण्याच्या बेतात आहे अशी धास्ती त्या व्यक्तीच्या मनात निर्माण व्हावी असा त्यामागे त्याचा उद्देश असेल किंवा तसे होण्याचा संभव असल्याची त्याला जाणीव असेल तर, तो हमला करतो असे म्हटले जाते.
स्पष्टीकरण - केवळ उच्चारलेले शब्द हे 'हमला' या सदरात मोडत नाहीत. पण एखादी व्यक्ती जे शब्द उच्चारील त्यामुळे, ज्यायोगे तिचे हावभाव किंवा तयारी ही हमला म्हणून गणता येईल असा अर्थ त्या हावभावांना किंवा तयारीला प्राप्त होऊ शकेल.
"य" स्नान करीत आहे, "अ", "य" च्या संमतीशिवाय आंघोळीच्या पाण्यामध्ये उकळते पाणी ओततो, त्यामुळे 'य' ला इजा होते किंवा त्रास होतो. येथे "अ" ने काय केले आहे?
EN
Read the following passage and answer the questions:
Of Force, Criminal Force and Assault 349. Force - A person is said to use force to another if he causes motion, change of motion, or cessation of motion to that other, or if he causes to any substance such motion, or change of motion, or cessation of motion as brings that substance into contact with any part of that other's body, or with anything which that other is wearing or carrying, or with anything so situated that such contact affects that other's sense of feeling. Provided that the person causing the motion, or change of motion, or cessation of motion, causes that motion, change of motion, or cessation of motion in one of the three ways hereinafter described: First - By his own bodily power. Secondly - By disposing any substance in such a manner that the motion or change or cessation of motion takes place without any further act on his part, or on the part of any other person. Thirdly - By inducing any animal to move, to change its motion, or to cease to move. 350. Criminal force - Whoever intentionally uses force to any person, without that person's consent, in order to the committing of any offence, or intending by the use of such force to cause, or knowing it to be likely that by the use of such force he will cause injury, fear or annoyance to the person to whom the force is used, is said to use criminal force to that other. 351. Assault - Whoever makes any gesture, or any preparation intending or knowing it to be likely that such gesture or preparation will cause any person present to apprehend that he who makes that gesture or preparation is about to use criminal force to that person, is said to commit an assault. Explanation - Mere words do not amount to an assault. But the words which a person uses may give to his gestures of preparation such a meaning as may make those gestures or preparations amount to an assault. "Y" is bathing. "A" without the consent of "Y" pours into the bath water which hurts "Y". What has "A" committed?
Of Force, Criminal Force and Assault 349. Force - A person is said to use force to another if he causes motion, change of motion, or cessation of motion to that other, or if he causes to any substance such motion, or change of motion, or cessation of motion as brings that substance into contact with any part of that other's body, or with anything which that other is wearing or carrying, or with anything so situated that such contact affects that other's sense of feeling. Provided that the person causing the motion, or change of motion, or cessation of motion, causes that motion, change of motion, or cessation of motion in one of the three ways hereinafter described: First - By his own bodily power. Secondly - By disposing any substance in such a manner that the motion or change or cessation of motion takes place without any further act on his part, or on the part of any other person. Thirdly - By inducing any animal to move, to change its motion, or to cease to move. 350. Criminal force - Whoever intentionally uses force to any person, without that person's consent, in order to the committing of any offence, or intending by the use of such force to cause, or knowing it to be likely that by the use of such force he will cause injury, fear or annoyance to the person to whom the force is used, is said to use criminal force to that other. 351. Assault - Whoever makes any gesture, or any preparation intending or knowing it to be likely that such gesture or preparation will cause any person present to apprehend that he who makes that gesture or preparation is about to use criminal force to that person, is said to commit an assault. Explanation - Mere words do not amount to an assault. But the words which a person uses may give to his gestures of preparation such a meaning as may make those gestures or preparations amount to an assault. "Y" is bathing. "A" without the consent of "Y" pours into the bath water which hurts "Y". What has "A" committed?