खालील उतारा काळजीपूर्वक वाचा आणि त्यावर आधारित विचारलेल्या प्रश्नांची (प्र. ३१ ते ३५) योग्य उत्तरे द्या:
भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्थेची स्थिती
गेली दोन वर्षे कोविड-१९ महामारीमुळे जागतिक अर्थव्यवस्थेसाठी अवघड गेली आहेत. संसर्गाच्या लाटांची पुनरावृत्ती, पुरवठा-साखळीत अडथळे, आणि नव्याने उद्भवलेली भाववाढ यामुळे धोरणकर्त्यांवर आव्हानात्मक वेळ आली आहे. या आव्हानांना तोंड देण्यासाठी भारत सरकारने ताबडतोब समाजातील गरिबांना आणि व्यापार क्षेत्रांना सुरक्षितता जाळे देऊन आधार दिला आहे. त्यानंतर मोठ्या प्रमाणात पायाभूत सुविधांवर भांडवली खर्च वाढवून मध्यमकालीन मागणी आणि प्रभावीपणे पुरवठा बाजू उपाय राबवून अर्थव्यवस्था चिरंतन दीर्घकालीन विस्तारण्यासाठी अर्थव्यवस्था तयार करणे, यावर भर दिला आहे.
आगाऊ अंदाजाप्रमाणे वर्ष २०२०-२१ मध्ये आर्थिक वृद्धीत घट झाल्यानंतर वर्ष २०२१-२२ मध्ये देशाचे वास्तव स्थूल देशांतर्गत उत्पादन ९.२% ने वाढेल. यावरून हे स्पष्ट होते की, कोविड संकटानंतर सर्व आर्थिक व्यवहार पूर्वपदावर येत आहेत. सर्व निदर्शक हे दर्शवितात की, आरोग्य क्षेत्रावरील परिणाम मोठा असला तरी दुसऱ्या लाटेचा पहिल्या तिमाहीतील आर्थिक परिणाम २०२०-२१ मध्ये अर्थव्यवस्थेची पूर्ण टाळेबंदी केल्यानंतरच्या अनुभवापेक्षा कमी राहिला आहे.
शेती आणि संलग्न क्षेत्रावर कोरोना महामारीचा परिणाम सर्वात कमी राहिला आहे, ते २०२१-२२ मध्ये ३.९% दराने वाढेल अशी अपेक्षा आहे. त्याची वाढ गेल्या वर्षी म्हणजे २०२०-२१ मध्ये ३.६% एवढी होती. आगाऊ अंदाजाप्रमाणे, उद्योगाची (खाणकाम आणि बांधकाम धरून) एकूण मूल्य वाढ २०२१-२२ मध्ये ११.८% ने होईल, जी २०२०-२१ मध्ये ७ टक्क्याने घटली होती. सेवा क्षेत्रावर, विशेषतः मानवी संपर्क येणाऱ्या क्षेत्रांवर, कोरोना महामारीचा सर्वाधिक प्रतिकूल परिणाम झाला आहे. हे क्षेत्र या आर्थिक वर्षात ८.२% दराने वाढेल अशी अपेक्षा आहे, जे गेल्या वर्षी ८.४% ने घटले होते.
सरकारने खर्चात केलेल्या भरीव योगदानामुळे २०२१-२२ मध्ये एकूण उपभोग ७% ने वाढेल असा अंदाज आहे. तसेच पायाभूत सुविधांवरील सरकारी खर्चामुळे स्थूल स्थिर भांडवल निर्मिती कोरोना महामारीपूर्वीपेक्षा अधिक झाली आहे. वस्तू आणि सेवा निर्यात अपवादात्मकरीत्या २०२१-२२ मध्ये प्रबळ झाले आहेत. मात्र देशांतर्गत मागणी सुधारल्यामुळे व आंतरराष्ट्रीय वस्तूंच्या किमतीही उच्च राहिल्यामुळे आयातही वाढली आहे.
धोरण निश्चितीत खालीलपैकी कोणी कठीण वेळ आणली आहे ?
EN
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions (Q. 31 to 35):
State of the Indian Economy
The last two years have been difficult for the world economy on account of the COVID-19 pandemic. Repeated waves of infection, supply-chain disruptions and more recently, inflation have created particularly challenging times for policy making. Faced with these challenges, the Government of India's immediate response was a bouquet of safety nets to cushion the impact on vulnerable sections of society and the business sector. It next pushed through a significant increase in capital expenditure on infrastructure to build back medium-term demand as well as aggressively implemented supply side measures to prepare the economy for a sustained long-term expansion.
Advance estimates suggest that the Indian economy is expected to witness real GDP expansion of 9.2 per cent in 2021-22 after contraction in it in 2020-21. This implies that overall economic activities have recovered past the pre-pandemic levels. Almost all indicators show that the economic impact of the 'second wave' in Q1 was much smaller than that experienced during the full lockdown phase in 2020-21 even though the health impact was more severe.
Agriculture and allied sectors have been least impacted by the pandemic and the sector is expected to grow by 3.9 per cent in 2021-22 after growing at 3.6 per cent in the previous year. Advance estimates suggest that the GVA of Industry (including mining and construction) will rise by 11.8 per cent in 2021-22 after contracting by 7 per cent in 2020-21. The service sector has been hit the hardest by the pandemic; especially segments that involve human contact. This sector is estimated to grow by 8.2 per cent this financial year following last year's 8.4 per cent contraction.
Total consumption is estimated to have grown by 7 per cent in 2021-22 with significant contributions from government spending. Similarly, Gross Fixed Capital Formation exceeded pre-pandemic levels on the back of ramped up public expenditure on infrastructure. Exports of both goods and services have been exceptionally strong so far in 2021-22, but imports also recovered strongly with recovery in domestic demand as well as higher international commodity prices. Which of the following have created challenging times for policy-making?
The last two years have been difficult for the world economy on account of the COVID-19 pandemic. Repeated waves of infection, supply-chain disruptions and more recently, inflation have created particularly challenging times for policy making. Faced with these challenges, the Government of India's immediate response was a bouquet of safety nets to cushion the impact on vulnerable sections of society and the business sector. It next pushed through a significant increase in capital expenditure on infrastructure to build back medium-term demand as well as aggressively implemented supply side measures to prepare the economy for a sustained long-term expansion.
Advance estimates suggest that the Indian economy is expected to witness real GDP expansion of 9.2 per cent in 2021-22 after contraction in it in 2020-21. This implies that overall economic activities have recovered past the pre-pandemic levels. Almost all indicators show that the economic impact of the 'second wave' in Q1 was much smaller than that experienced during the full lockdown phase in 2020-21 even though the health impact was more severe.
Agriculture and allied sectors have been least impacted by the pandemic and the sector is expected to grow by 3.9 per cent in 2021-22 after growing at 3.6 per cent in the previous year. Advance estimates suggest that the GVA of Industry (including mining and construction) will rise by 11.8 per cent in 2021-22 after contracting by 7 per cent in 2020-21. The service sector has been hit the hardest by the pandemic; especially segments that involve human contact. This sector is estimated to grow by 8.2 per cent this financial year following last year's 8.4 per cent contraction.
Total consumption is estimated to have grown by 7 per cent in 2021-22 with significant contributions from government spending. Similarly, Gross Fixed Capital Formation exceeded pre-pandemic levels on the back of ramped up public expenditure on infrastructure. Exports of both goods and services have been exceptionally strong so far in 2021-22, but imports also recovered strongly with recovery in domestic demand as well as higher international commodity prices. Which of the following have created challenging times for policy-making?