खालील उतारा काळजीपूर्वक वाचा आणि त्यावर आधारित विचारलेल्या प्रश्नाचे (प्र. ६ ते १०) योग्य उत्तर निवडा:
स्थलांतरामुळे ज्या अनेक समस्या निर्माण होतात, त्यातील 'बुद्धीवंतांचे स्थलांतर' ही एक गंभीर समस्या आहे. बुद्धीवंतांच्या स्थलांतराचा गरीब, अविकसित देशांना मोठा फटका बसतो व श्रीमंत, विकसित देशांना मोठ्या प्रमाणात फायदा होतो. गरीब, अविकसित देश सामाजिक बांधिलकीचा विचार करून, शैक्षणिक सुविधा गरिबांनाही उपलब्ध व्हाव्यात, म्हणून शिक्षण अतिशय स्वस्त राहील, याची काळजी घेतात. म्हणजेच तज्ञांच्या शिक्षणावर समाज मोठ्या प्रमाणात खर्च करतो. तंत्रज्ञ, शास्त्रज्ञ, अभियंते, वैद्यकीय व्यावसायिक यांच्या शिक्षणावर गरीब देश समाजाची गरज म्हणून खूप मोठा खर्च करतात. परंतु पदवी मिळाल्याबरोबर हे तंत्रज्ञ, शास्त्रज्ञ, अभियंते, वैद्यकीय व्यावसायिक जास्त पगाराच्या आशेने व जास्त चांगले काम करण्याची संधी व सुविधांमुळे श्रीमंत, विकसित देशाकडे धाव घेतात. वैयक्तिक, व्यक्तीचा विचार केला असता, हा निर्णय योग्य म्हणता येईल. परंतु ज्या समाजाने त्यांना जवळजवळ फुकट शिक्षण देऊन तंत्रज्ञ बनविले, त्या समाजाची कोणतीही सेवा न करता ते विकसित देशांत स्वतःच्या फायद्यासाठी स्थलांतर करतात. त्यामुळे अविकसित देशांचे मोठे नुकसान होते व विकसित देशांना तंत्रज्ञ बनविण्यावर कोणताही खर्च न करता तयार तंत्रज्ञ मिळतात. त्यामुळे त्यांची विकासाची गती अधिक वेगवान होते. याउलट, ज्या गरीब देशांनी या तंत्रज्ञ निर्मितीसाठी भांडवल गुंतवणूक केलेली असते, त्यांना या तंत्रज्ञांच्या कौशल्याचा फायदा होत नाही व त्यामुळे देशाच्या विकासाचा वेग मंदावतो.
उदा. भारतातून अनेक वैद्यक व्याबसायिक अतिशय स्वस्त दरात शिक्षण घेऊन इंग्लंड-अमेरीकेत जातात. त्यांच्या वैद्यकीय ज्ञानाचा फायदा तेथील समाजाला होतो. परंतु आपल्या देशातील अनेक गरीब, खेडुतांना वैद्यकीय सेवेपासून वंचित राहावे लागते. इंग्लंडमधील सार्वजनिक वैद्यकीय सेवेत इतके भारतीय वैद्यकीय व्यावसायिक आहेत, की ते जर भारतात परत आले, तर इंग्लंडमधील सार्वजनिक वैद्यकीय सेवा कोलमडून पडेल. तसेच, असे तंत्रज्ञ व शास्त्रज्ञ भारतातून अमेरिकेत इतक्या मोठ्या प्रमाणावर गेले आहेत, की तेवढे तंत्रज्ञ व शास्त्रज्ञ उपलब्ध होण्यासाठी अमेरिकेला अशा कित्येक शैक्षणिक संस्था स्थापाव्या लागतील. ते करण्याऐवजी, अशा तंत्रज्ञ व शास्त्रज्ञांना जास्त पगार व उत्तम सुविधा देऊन आकर्षित करण्याचा विकसित देश प्रयत्न करतात. हा अविकसित देशांवर एक प्रकारचा अन्यायच आहे.
बुद्धीवंतांच्या स्थलांतराचा काही विशिष्ट परिस्थितीत मात्र दोन्ही समाजांना फायदाच होतो. एखाद्या देशात तंत्रज्ञांचा पुरवठा तेथील विकासाची पातळी व त्यामुळे उत्पन्न झालेली व्यावसायिक संधी व मागणी याहून जास्त असतो, तेव्हा त्या तंत्रज्ञांना त्यांच्या देशात व्यवसायाची पुरेशी संधी उपलब्ध होण्याची शक्यता कमी असते व त्यांच्या व्यावसायिक विकासाला वाव मिळत नाही. असे तंत्रज्ञ जेव्हा स्थलांतर करतात, तेव्हा त्यांचा वैयक्तिक फायदा तर होतोच, परंतु दोन्ही समाजाचाही फायदा होतो. कारण या स्थलांतराने त्यांच्या जन्मभूमीतील बेकारीची समस्या सोडविण्यास मदत होते. तसेच, ज्या देशात ते स्थलांतर करतात, त्या देशातील विकासाच्या गतीची गरज भागविली जाते. या स्थलांतरामुळे त्याच्या जन्मभूमीत मौल्यवान परकीय चलनही उपलब्ध होते. या दोहोंचा जागतिक पातळीवर विकासाची गती वाढविण्यासाठी उपयोग होतो.
बुद्धीवंतांचे स्थलांतर हे कशा प्रकारे होते ?
अ. अविकसित देशाकडून विकसित देशाकडे.
ब. विकसनशील देशाकडून विकसित देशाकडे.
क. अविकसित देशाकडून अविकसित देशाकडे.
ड. विकसित देशाकडून अविकसित देशाकडे.
EN
Read the following passage carefully and answer the question (Q. 6 to 10):
Brain drain is one of the major among several problems created due to migration. Due to brain drain poor and developing countries suffer while rich and developed countries get undue benefit. Due to social commitment and to make educational facilities available to poor people, education in developing countries is very cheap. This means society makes considerable investment to produce trained man power. To meet the need of the society poor countries spend a lot of money on producing technicians, scientists, engineers and medical graduates. Unfortunately, immediately after getting degrees, these technicians, scientists, engineers and medical graduates, due to higher wages and better living and working conditions, migrate to rich and developed countries. From the point of view of individual interest, this probably could be a correct decision. However, the society which provided them education almost free to become technicians is not served by them at all, and to serve self interest they migrate to other countries. Developing countries, therefore, suffer immensely and the developed countries get trained man power without spending a paisa on their training. Tempo of development of the developed countries is further increased. On the other hand, poor countries, who invest huge capital in producing technicians do not get any benefit of their skills and tempo of development of the poor countries slackens.
For example, many medical graduates from India after getting education at nominal cost, migrate to the developed countries like United Kingdom or U.S.A. Those societies get the benefit of their knowledge. But poor villagers in India are deprived of efficient medical service. There are so many Indian medical graduates in the public medical service in United Kingdom, that if they come back to India, the medical service in United Kingdom might collapse. Similarly, so many technicians and scientists in India have gone or are going to U.S.A. that to produce so many scientists and technicians, U.S.A. will have to set up several educational and training institutions. Instead of doing that, the developed countries try to attract scientists and technicians, trained in poor countries by giving them fat salaries and better working conditions. In a sense, this is a type of injustice done to the developing countries.
In some peculiar circumstances, brain drain helps both the societies. In some countries, trained man power is more in relation to level of economic development, employment opportunities created and demand for trained man power. Technicians, thus are not likely to get enough job opportunities in their country and their professional career suffers. When such surplus trained man power migrates, not only individuals get benefit but both the societies also are benefited. Their migration helps in solving the problem of unemployment in their native country. At the same time, need of the increased tempo of economic development of the receiving region also is met. Because of migration the sending country also gets valuable foreign exchange. At the global level, both these help in increasing the tempo of economic development. How does the brain drain take place ?
a. From underdeveloped country to developed country.
b. From developing country to developed country.
c. From underdeveloped country to underdeveloped country.
d. From developed country to underdeveloped country.
For example, many medical graduates from India after getting education at nominal cost, migrate to the developed countries like United Kingdom or U.S.A. Those societies get the benefit of their knowledge. But poor villagers in India are deprived of efficient medical service. There are so many Indian medical graduates in the public medical service in United Kingdom, that if they come back to India, the medical service in United Kingdom might collapse. Similarly, so many technicians and scientists in India have gone or are going to U.S.A. that to produce so many scientists and technicians, U.S.A. will have to set up several educational and training institutions. Instead of doing that, the developed countries try to attract scientists and technicians, trained in poor countries by giving them fat salaries and better working conditions. In a sense, this is a type of injustice done to the developing countries.
In some peculiar circumstances, brain drain helps both the societies. In some countries, trained man power is more in relation to level of economic development, employment opportunities created and demand for trained man power. Technicians, thus are not likely to get enough job opportunities in their country and their professional career suffers. When such surplus trained man power migrates, not only individuals get benefit but both the societies also are benefited. Their migration helps in solving the problem of unemployment in their native country. At the same time, need of the increased tempo of economic development of the receiving region also is met. Because of migration the sending country also gets valuable foreign exchange. At the global level, both these help in increasing the tempo of economic development. How does the brain drain take place ?
a. From underdeveloped country to developed country.
b. From developing country to developed country.
c. From underdeveloped country to underdeveloped country.
d. From developed country to underdeveloped country.