खालील उतारा काळजीपूर्वक वाचा आणि त्यावर आधारित विचारलेल्या प्रश्नांची (प्र. २१ ते २५) योग्य उत्तरे द्या:
स्वातंत्र्योत्तर काळात राष्ट्रीय सरकारने प्रचार, कायदे, मागासलेल्या जातींना शैक्षणिक सवलती, आर्थिक मदत व राखीव नोकऱ्या देऊन जाती-विरोधी मोहीम सरकारी धोरणाचा भाग बनवला. प्रचार, कायदे, मागासलेल्या जातींना शैक्षणिक सवलती, आर्थिक मदत व राखीव नोकऱ्या देऊन राष्ट्रीय सरकारने जातीव्यवस्था मोडून काढण्याचे प्रयत्न अहर्निशपणे चालू ठेवले आहेत. जर जगातील प्रमुख लोकशाही राष्ट्रांमध्ये भारताचा क्रमांक बराच वरचा असेल तर लोकशाहीचे मूळ असणाऱ्या राष्ट्रात जन्माधारे व्यक्तींमध्ये भेद करणे मान्यच असू शकत नाही. लोकशाहीची आधारभूत तत्त्वेच जातीव्यवस्थेच्या विरुद्ध असल्याने लोकशाही भारतात जातीव्यवस्था कायम राहू शकत नाही हे ओघानेच आले. सरकारने या संदर्भात केलेल्या प्रयत्नांना बरेच यश आलेले असून मागासलेल्या जातींमध्ये शिक्षणाचे प्रमाण वाढत आहे. जितक्या प्रमाणात खालच्या जाती शिक्षित होत जातील तितक्या प्रमाणात जाती-जातीमधील अंतर कमी होईल.
जातीव्यवस्था आज भारतात टिकून आहे किंवा नाही यांचे विवेचन आपण खालील घटकांच्या आधारे करण्याचा प्रयत्न करणार आहोत. जातीव्यवस्थेचे अस्तित्व खालील बाबींवर अवलंबून आहे: (१) जन्मानुसार प्रतिष्ठेचे निर्धारण, (२) व्यवसाय निवडीवर प्रतिबंध, (३) विजातीय विवाह बंदी, (४) सामाजिक, राजकीय व धार्मिक अधिकारांबाबत जाती-जातींमध्ये केला जाणारा पक्षपात व (५) ब्राह्मण जातीचे सर्वश्रेष्ठत्व.
समाजातील अस्तित्वामधून जातींच्या जिवंतपणाची कल्पना येऊ शकते. म्हणूनच या पाच बाबींच्या आधारे जातीव्यवस्थेच्या अस्तित्वाची चर्चा आता आपण करू. जातीव्यवस्थेचा अभ्यास करणाऱ्या अध्ययनकर्त्यांच्या मते जातीव्यवस्थेचे निर्मूलन झालेले आहे. व्यक्ती कोणत्या जातीत जन्माला येते यावर तिची प्रतिष्ठा आज अवलंबून नाही. व्यवसाय निवडीचे स्वातंत्र्य घटनेने प्रत्येकाला बहाल केले आहे. ब्राह्मणांचे सामाजिक श्रेष्ठत्व त्यांच्याकडून केव्हाच हिसकावून घेण्यात आलेले आहे. या सर्व गोष्टींवरून असा निष्कर्ष काढावयास हरकत नाही की, जातीव्यवस्था नष्टप्राय झालेली आहे.
व्यवसाय निवडीचे स्वातंत्र्य घटनेनेच प्रत्येकास बहाल केले आहे. मातंगाच्या पोराने मातंगच राहण्याची जबरदस्ती आता करता येण्यासारखी नाही. कोणी कोणता व्यवसाय करावा हे व्यक्तीच्या जातीनुसार ठरविण्याची शक्यता आता राहिली नाही. शिक्षण प्रसार व मागासलेल्या जातींना देण्यात येणाऱ्या शैक्षणिक व आर्थिक सवलतींमुळे व्यवसायाबाबत उदारमतवादी धोरण स्वीकारणे समाजाला भाग पडले आहे. हे जरी खरे असले तरी काही जाती त्यांच्या परंपरागत व्यवसायासच चिकटून राहणे पसंद करतात. ही देखील वस्तुस्थिती आहे. व्यवसायाची निवड करताना व्यक्ती दोन गोष्टी विचारात घेते: त्या विशिष्ट व्यवसायापासून होणारी नफ्याची प्राप्ती आणि त्या व्यवसायाने मिळणारी सामाजिक प्रतिष्ठा. डेव्हिसच्या मते कोणत्याही सामाजिक स्थानाची प्रतिष्ठा त्या स्थानास लावून दिलेल्या व्यवसायाच्या महत्त्वावर अवलंबून असते.
खालील विधानांचा विचार करा :
अ. डेविसच्या मते कोणत्याही सामाजिक स्थानाची प्रतिष्ठा त्या स्थानास लावून दिलेल्या व्यवसायाच्या महत्वावर अवलंबून असते.
ब. व्यवसायाची निवड करतांना त्या व्यवसायातून होणारी अर्थ प्राप्ती आणि व्यवसायाने मिळणारी सामाजिक प्रतिष्ठा याचा विचार व्यक्ती करत असतो.
EN
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions (Q. 21 to 25):
In the post-independence period, the national government made the anti-caste campaign a part of its state policy, through propaganda, laws, educational concessions to backward castes, financial aid and reserved jobs. The efforts of the national government to destroy the caste system by providing propaganda, laws, financial assistance to the backward castes and reserved jobs have continued unabated. When India ranks high among the leading democracies of the world, it cannot be acceptable to discriminate between people based on birth in a nation that is the cradle of democracy. Since the basic principles of democracy are against the caste system, it came to pass that the caste system cannot continue in democratic India. The efforts made by the government in this regard have been very successful and the rate of education among the backward castes is increasing. To the extent that the lower castes become educated, the distance between the castes will dissolve.
We will try to analyze whether the caste system survives in India today or not on the basis of the following factors. Existence of caste system depends on the following qualifying factors: (1) Determination of prestige by birth, (2) Prohibition of choice of profession, (3) Prohibition of exogamy, (4) Discrimination between castes in social, political and religious rights, (5) Superiority of the Brahmin caste.
The vitality of the castes can be imagined from their existence in the society. Therefore, on the basis of these five aspects, let us now discuss the existence of the caste system. According to the scholars of caste system, the caste system has been eradicated. Today, a person's reputation does not depend on the caste he is born into. Freedom of choice of occupation has been granted to everyone by the Constitution itself. The social superiority of Brahmins has always been usurped from them. From all these things it is not a problem to draw a conclusion that the caste system has almost been destroyed.
Freedom of choice of profession has been granted to everyone by the constitution itself. It is no longer possible to force the child of the matangas to remain a matanga. It is no longer possible to decide which occupation one should do according to caste. The spread of education and the educational and financial concessions given to the backward castes have forced the society to adopt a liberal policy towards business. Although this is true, some castes prefer to stick to their traditional occupations. This is also a fact. A person takes two things into consideration while choosing any business: profit earned and the social status acquired through the business. According to Davies, the prestige of any social place depends on the importance of the occupation that the place has to offer. Consider the following statements:
A. According to Davies, the prestige of any social position depends on the importance of the business assigned to that position.
B. While choosing a business, a person thinks about the financial gain from that business and the social prestige gained by the business.
We will try to analyze whether the caste system survives in India today or not on the basis of the following factors. Existence of caste system depends on the following qualifying factors: (1) Determination of prestige by birth, (2) Prohibition of choice of profession, (3) Prohibition of exogamy, (4) Discrimination between castes in social, political and religious rights, (5) Superiority of the Brahmin caste.
The vitality of the castes can be imagined from their existence in the society. Therefore, on the basis of these five aspects, let us now discuss the existence of the caste system. According to the scholars of caste system, the caste system has been eradicated. Today, a person's reputation does not depend on the caste he is born into. Freedom of choice of occupation has been granted to everyone by the Constitution itself. The social superiority of Brahmins has always been usurped from them. From all these things it is not a problem to draw a conclusion that the caste system has almost been destroyed.
Freedom of choice of profession has been granted to everyone by the constitution itself. It is no longer possible to force the child of the matangas to remain a matanga. It is no longer possible to decide which occupation one should do according to caste. The spread of education and the educational and financial concessions given to the backward castes have forced the society to adopt a liberal policy towards business. Although this is true, some castes prefer to stick to their traditional occupations. This is also a fact. A person takes two things into consideration while choosing any business: profit earned and the social status acquired through the business. According to Davies, the prestige of any social place depends on the importance of the occupation that the place has to offer. Consider the following statements:
A. According to Davies, the prestige of any social position depends on the importance of the business assigned to that position.
B. While choosing a business, a person thinks about the financial gain from that business and the social prestige gained by the business.