खालील उतारा काळजीपूर्वक वाचा आणि त्यावर आधारित विचारलेल्या प्रश्नांची (प्र. १ ते ५) योग्य उत्तरे द्या:
आपल्या संपूर्ण आयुष्यात गांधीजींनी अस्पृश्यता निवारणाच्या कामाला त्यांच्या सार्वजनिक कार्यात अग्रक्रम दिला. त्यासाठी इ.स. 1932 मध्ये त्यांनी 'अखिल भारतीय हरिजन संघा' ची स्थापना केली. अस्पृश्यता मुळाफांद्यांपासून उखडून टाकण्याची त्यांची मोहीम मानवता व विवेक यांवर आधारित होती. हिंदू शास्त्रे अस्पृश्यता मान्य करीत नसल्याचा युक्तिवाद त्यांनी केला; परंतु जर एखादे शास्त्र अस्पृश्यता मान्य करीत असेल तर ते मानवी प्रतिष्ठेच्या विरोधात असल्याने ते शास्त्र मानता कामा नये. सत्य कोणत्याही ग्रंथाच्या आवरणात बंदिस्त करता येत नाही, असे ते म्हणत असत.
एकोणिसाव्या शतकाच्या मध्यापासून मागास अतिमागास वर्गीयांमध्ये शिक्षणाचा प्रसार करण्यासाठी, त्यांच्यासाठी शाळा व मंदिरांची दारे उघडण्यासाठी, त्यांना सार्वजनिक विहिरी आणि तळ्यांचा वापर करता यावा म्हणून आणि त्यांना सहन करावे लागणारे अन्य भेदभाव व सामाजिक अन्याय दूर व्हावेत यास्तव अनेक व्यक्ती व संस्थांनी कार्य केले.
जसजसा शिक्षणाचा प्रसार होऊ लागला, कनिष्ठजातीय जागृत होऊ लागले तसतसे ते स्वतःच हालचाल करू लागले. त्यांना आपल्या मूलभूत मानवी हक्कांची जाणीव झाली आणि त्यांचे रक्षण करण्यासाठी ते पुढे आले. उच्चजातीयांकडून त्यांच्यावर जे परंपरागत जुलूम होत असत त्याविरुद्ध त्यांनी हळूहळू एक प्रभावी चळवळ उभी केली. एकोणिसाव्या शतकाच्या उत्तरार्धात महाराष्ट्रातील एका कनिष्ठजातीय कुटुंबात जन्मलेल्या ज्योतीबा फुले यांनी पुरोहित वर्गाच्या धार्मिक अधिकारांविरुद्ध आयुष्यभर लढा दिला. उच्चजातीयांच्या वर्चस्वाविरुद्ध त्यांनी दिलेल्या लढ्याचे ते एक अंग होते. आधुनिक शिक्षण हे कनिष्ठजातीयांच्या मुक्तीमधील सर्वाधिक महत्त्वाचे शस्त्र असल्याचे त्यांचे मत होते. कनिष्ठजातीय मुलींसाठी अनेक शाळा सुरू करणारे ते पहिले समाजसुधारक. डॉ. भीमराव रामजी आंबेडकर स्वतः अनुसूचित जातींमध्ये जन्मले होते. त्यांनी आपले संपूर्ण आयुष्य जातीय जुलूम - जबरदस्तीविरुद्ध लढण्यात घालवले; त्यासाठी त्यांनी 'अखिल भारतीय शेड्युल्ड कास्ट फेडरेशन' ची स्थापना केली. महर्षी विठ्ठल रामजी शिंदे व त्यांच्या सहकाऱ्यांनी 'ऑल इंडिया डिप्रेस्ड क्लासेस मिशन सोसायटी' ची स्थापना केली. श्रीनारायण गुरू यांनी केरळात जातिव्यवस्थेच्या विरोधात आयुष्यभर चळवळ केली. "मानवजातीसाठी एक धर्म, एक जात व एक परमेश्वर" ही प्रसिद्ध घोषणा त्यांनी दिली. इ.स. 1920 च्या दशकात दक्षिण भारतातील ब्राह्मणेतरांनी ब्राह्मणांनी केलेल्या अन्यायांविरुद्ध लढण्यासाठी 'आत्मसन्मान चळवळ' किंवा 'सेल्फ रिस्पेक्ट मुव्हमेंट' उभी केली. उच्चजातीयांनी कनिष्ठजातीयांच्या मंदिरप्रवेशावर बंदी व इतर अनेक निर्बंध लादले होते. त्या विरोधात भारतात सर्वत्र उच्च व कनिष्ठजातीयांनी संयुक्तपणे सत्याग्रहाच्या अनेक चळवळी संघटित केल्या.
जातिव्यवस्थेला विरोध म्हणून 'मानव जातीसाठी एकधर्म, एक जात आणि एक परमेश्वर' ही घोषणा कोणी केली?
EN
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions (Q. 1 to 5):
All his life, Gandhiji kept the abolition of untouchability at the forefront of his public activities. In 1932, he founded the All India Harijan Sangh for this purpose. His campaign for the "root and branch removal of untouchability" was based on the grounds of humanism and reason. He argued that there was no sanction for untouchability in the Hindu shastras. But, if any shastra approved of untouchability, it should be ignored for it would then be going against human dignity. Truth, he said, could not be confined within the covers of a book.
Since the middle of the nineteenth century, numerous individuals and organisations worked to spread education among the untouchables (or depressed classes and Scheduled Castes, as they came to be called later), to open the doors of schools and temples to them, to enable them to use public wells and tanks, and to remove other social disabilities and distinctions from which they suffered.
As education and awakening spread, the lower castes themselves began to stir. They became conscious of their basic human rights and began to rise in defence of these rights. They gradually built up a powerful movement against the traditional oppression by the higher castes. In Maharashtra, in the second half of the nineteenth century, Jyotiba Phule, born in a lower-caste family, led a lifelong movement against Brahmanical religious authority as part of his struggle against upper-caste domination. He regarded modern education as the most important weapon for the liberation of the lower castes. He was the first to open several schools for girls of the lower castes. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, who belonged to one of the Scheduled Castes, devoted his entire life to fighting against caste tyranny. He organised the All India Scheduled Castes Federation for the purpose. Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde and his colleagues founded the All India Depressed Classes Mission Society. In Kerala, Sri Narayana Guru organised a lifelong struggle against the caste system. He coined the famous slogan: "One religion, one caste and one God for mankind." In South India, the non-brahmins organised during the 1920s the Self-Respect Movement to fight the disabilities which Brahmins had imposed upon them. Various satyagraha movements were organised all over India jointly by the upper and depressed-castes against the ban on the latter's entry into temples and other such restrictions. Who announced 'one religion, one caste and one God for Mankind', in opposition to the caste System ?
Since the middle of the nineteenth century, numerous individuals and organisations worked to spread education among the untouchables (or depressed classes and Scheduled Castes, as they came to be called later), to open the doors of schools and temples to them, to enable them to use public wells and tanks, and to remove other social disabilities and distinctions from which they suffered.
As education and awakening spread, the lower castes themselves began to stir. They became conscious of their basic human rights and began to rise in defence of these rights. They gradually built up a powerful movement against the traditional oppression by the higher castes. In Maharashtra, in the second half of the nineteenth century, Jyotiba Phule, born in a lower-caste family, led a lifelong movement against Brahmanical religious authority as part of his struggle against upper-caste domination. He regarded modern education as the most important weapon for the liberation of the lower castes. He was the first to open several schools for girls of the lower castes. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, who belonged to one of the Scheduled Castes, devoted his entire life to fighting against caste tyranny. He organised the All India Scheduled Castes Federation for the purpose. Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde and his colleagues founded the All India Depressed Classes Mission Society. In Kerala, Sri Narayana Guru organised a lifelong struggle against the caste system. He coined the famous slogan: "One religion, one caste and one God for mankind." In South India, the non-brahmins organised during the 1920s the Self-Respect Movement to fight the disabilities which Brahmins had imposed upon them. Various satyagraha movements were organised all over India jointly by the upper and depressed-castes against the ban on the latter's entry into temples and other such restrictions. Who announced 'one religion, one caste and one God for Mankind', in opposition to the caste System ?