खालील उतारा काळजीपूर्वक वाचा आणि त्यावर आधारित विचारलेल्या प्रश्नांची (प्र. ६ ते १०) योग्य उत्तरे द्या:
जन्मकुंडल्यांची मांडणी किंवा पुनमांडणी करण्याचं गॅलिलिओचं कसब तसं वाईट होतं. परंतु, त्यानं स्वतःची दुर्बिण अंतराळाकडे रोखली आणि जे दिसलं त्याचं अगदी स्वाभाविकपणे अर्थनिर्णयन केलं, म्हणून त्याचं खगोलशास्त्र क्रांतिकारी ठरले. त्यामुळे मग चंद्रामधला माणूस गायब झाला आणि त्याची जागा पर्वतांनी घेतली. पण नंतर त्याचं खगोलशास्त्र धोकादायक ठरू लागलं, कारण सत्ताधारी वर्गाने आणि या वर्गाची चाकरी करणाऱ्या चर्चने गृहीत धरलेल्या विश्वव्यवस्थेलाच यातून हादरा बसला होता. परिणामी, उर्वरित समाजव्यवस्थेलाही आव्हान निर्माण होण्याची शक्यता निर्माण झाली. तसं करू पाहणाऱ्या कोणत्याही माणसाला त्याची जोखीम स्वीकारावी लागलीच असती.
विज्ञान म्हणजे केवळ प्रायोगिक माहितीचा संचय नसतो. कोणता ना कोणता वादग्रस्त सिद्धांत निकालात काढला जात नसेल तर संबंधित प्रयोग महान ठरत नाही. त्याचप्रमाणे कोड्यात पाडणाऱ्या प्रायोगिक माहितीचं वाजवी स्पष्टीकरण होत नसेल किंवा एखाद्या न केलेल्या प्रयोगाच्या परिणामांचा अंदाज बांधला जात नसेल तर संबंधित सिद्धांत विशेष प्रगती साधणारा मानला जात नाही. विज्ञान आणि उत्पादन यांमधील, नवीन भांडवलदारीचं सत्ताग्रहण आणि स्थानिक संशोधन युग, यांमधील निकटवर्ती संबंध बघायचे असतील तर युरोपातील वैज्ञानिक केंद्र कशा मार्गाने बदलले ते पाहावे लागते. डेल्फ्ट येथे देवडीवाल्याचं काम करणाऱ्या लीवनहूकने स्वतःच्या भिंगाला तासून त्यातून पहिले चांगले सूक्ष्मदर्शकयंत्र (मायक्रोस्कोप) तयार केले. यातून त्याने पाण्याच्या थेंबांचे आणि अगदी बारक्या किड्यांचे निरीक्षण केले. लंडनमधील रॉयल सोसायटीने आपल्या सचिवाला लीवनहूकची भेट घेण्यासाठी पाठवले आणि त्याचे शोधनिबंध प्रकाशित केले. याच सोसायटीने 'उत्स्फूर्त जनन' (spontaneous generation) च्या मतप्रवाहाविरोधातील रेडीचे लेखन प्रकाशित केले होते, त्यातून पुढे अन्नसाठ्याची अतिशय व्यावहारिक समस्या सुटायला मदत झाली. संशोधन पहिल्यांदा प्रकाशित करणाऱ्याला त्याचे श्रेय देण्याची कल्पना तुलनेने नवीन आहे. अगदी न्यूटनलाही स्वतःचे शोध सहजासहजी प्रकाशात येऊ द्यायचे नव्हते. मूल्यवान गुपित मक्तेदारीच्या स्वरूपात लपवून ठेवण्याची ही वृत्ती जितके मागे जाऊ तितकी अधिकाधिक खोलवर रुजलेली दिसते. उत्पादनाच्या सामाजिक पद्धतीमुळे रीत बदलत असते; परंतु उत्पादनाच्या साधनांची मालकी खाजगी असल्यामुळे तंत्र व निर्मितीच्या पातळीवरती पेटंट, व्यापारीसंघ व मक्तेदारीचा आग्रह धरला जातो.
या उताऱ्यावरून पुढीलपैकी कोणते विधान निश्चितपणे सत्य ठरते ?
EN
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions (Q. 6 to 10):
Galileo did not excel in the skill of preparing or reconstructing star-charts. However, he focused his binoculars towards the skies and offered a natural explanation of what could be seen. This is what made his astronomy revolutionary. The result was that man disappeared from the moon and was replaced by mountains. However, eventually his astronomy became dangerous, because it shook the premises about the world which were so taken for granted by the powerful classes and the church which served them. This could potentially challenge the entire social structure. Any person who dared to do this, had to accept the risk therein.
Science is not just a collection of experimental information. Any given experiment is not considered as great, unless it offers a conclusive solution to a controversial theory. Similarly, unless it offers a plausible explanation to perplexing experimental data; or it helps predict the conclusions of an experiment which has not yet been done, the said theory is not considered as a great leap forward. If one wishes to see the tight-knit interrelationships between science and production; between the ascendance of new capitalism and the era of local discoveries, one has to study the trajectories along which the center of science in Europe has shifted. Leeuwenhoek, a gatekeeper in Delft, sharpened the lens he was using and created the first good microscope out of it. He used it to observe droplets of water and the small microbes therein. The Royal Society of London sent its secretary to meet Leeuwenhoek, and published his research articles. This very society had earlier published Redi's writings against the school of 'Arbitrary Creation' (spontaneous generation), which eventually helped to solve the very real problem of food-stock. The idea of giving the credit of an invention to its first author is a comparatively new idea. Even Newton was averse to the idea of bringing his inventions into the limelight. The tendency of hiding valuable secrets in the form of monopoly is even more deep rooted as one travels back in the past. The process changes because of the social nature of production; however, the tools of production are privately owned and hence, patents, guilds and monopoly are insisted upon at the level of technique and production. Which of the following statements holds true according to the passage?
Science is not just a collection of experimental information. Any given experiment is not considered as great, unless it offers a conclusive solution to a controversial theory. Similarly, unless it offers a plausible explanation to perplexing experimental data; or it helps predict the conclusions of an experiment which has not yet been done, the said theory is not considered as a great leap forward. If one wishes to see the tight-knit interrelationships between science and production; between the ascendance of new capitalism and the era of local discoveries, one has to study the trajectories along which the center of science in Europe has shifted. Leeuwenhoek, a gatekeeper in Delft, sharpened the lens he was using and created the first good microscope out of it. He used it to observe droplets of water and the small microbes therein. The Royal Society of London sent its secretary to meet Leeuwenhoek, and published his research articles. This very society had earlier published Redi's writings against the school of 'Arbitrary Creation' (spontaneous generation), which eventually helped to solve the very real problem of food-stock. The idea of giving the credit of an invention to its first author is a comparatively new idea. Even Newton was averse to the idea of bringing his inventions into the limelight. The tendency of hiding valuable secrets in the form of monopoly is even more deep rooted as one travels back in the past. The process changes because of the social nature of production; however, the tools of production are privately owned and hence, patents, guilds and monopoly are insisted upon at the level of technique and production. Which of the following statements holds true according to the passage?