खालील उतारा काळजीपूर्वक वाचा आणि त्यावर आधारित विचारलेल्या प्रश्नांची (प्र. ११ ते १५) योग्य उत्तरे द्या:
आर्थिक उत्पादन ही मानवी समूहाची मूलभूत क्रिया असल्याने, उत्पादनाची पद्धत (उत्पादक शक्ती आणि उत्पादनाचे सामाजिक संबंध) सामाजिक रचना, मानसशास्त्र आणि त्या मानवी समूहाची विचारधारा तयार करण्यात निर्णायक भूमिका बजावते.
ग्रामीण समाज हा प्रामुख्याने शेतीवर आधारित आहे. खेडेगावातील शेती ही शहरी उद्योगापेक्षा तीव्रपणे वेगळी आहे कारण ती माणसाने निसर्गाकडून मिळवलेल्या थेट उत्पादनावर आधारित आहे.
ग्रामीण भागात जमीन हे उत्पादनाचे मूळ साधन आहे. जमीन हा निसर्गाचा एक भाग आहे, जरी मानवी श्रमाने शेतीयोग्य बनविले आहे. जमिनीपासून ग्रामीण लोक तंत्र आणि त्यांच्या श्रमशक्तीच्या सहाय्याने अन्न, कापूस, ताग, चहा, कॉफी, तंबाखू आणि इतर विविध कृषी उत्पादने तयार करतात.
शहरी उद्योग केवळ कृषी उत्पादनांचे औद्योगिक उत्पादनांमध्ये रूपांतर करतात. शहरातील कारखाने आणि गिरण्यांमध्ये, कापूस, ताग आणि ऊस यांसारख्या कृषी उत्पादनांचे अनुक्रमे कापूस आणि तागाचे कापड आणि साखरेमध्ये रूपांतर होते.
ग्रामीण आणि शहरी लोकसंख्येच्या सामाजिक संस्था, मानसशास्त्र आणि विचारधारा तयार करण्यात कृषी आणि उद्योग यांच्यातील हा मूलभूत फरक महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका बजावतो.
पुढे, उत्पादनाची पातळी आणि समाजाच्या विविध स्तरांमध्ये उत्पादने वितरीत करण्याचा मार्ग, संपूर्ण समाजाच्या आणि त्यात समाविष्ट असलेल्या विविध सामाजिक-आर्थिक गटांच्या भौतिक समृद्धीची पातळी निर्धारित करते. ते मोठ्या प्रमाणात, त्या समाजाच्या संस्थात्मक रचनेची तसेच तेथील लोकांच्या सांस्कृतिक जीवनाची रचना करतात.
उदाहरणार्थ, भारतात, शेतीचे आदिम स्वरूप, परिणामी कृषी उत्पादनाची निम्न पातळी आणि विशिष्ट प्रकारचे जमीन संबंध जे ग्रामीण समाज बनवणाऱ्या सामाजिक समूहांमध्ये कृषी उत्पादनांचे वेगवेगळे वाटा ठरवतात, ग्रामीण समाजातील सामान्य दारिद्र्य स्पष्ट करतात. लोक सामाजिक-आर्थिक गटांच्या पिरॅमिडल प्रणालीमध्ये त्यांच्या विशिष्ट सामाजिक संस्था आणि सांस्कृतिक मागासलेपणा यांचे श्रेणीबद्ध श्रेणीकरण करतात. ते मोठ्या प्रमाणावर त्यांच्या चालीरीती, संकल्पना आणि लोकनीती देखील निश्चित करतात.
भारतातील शेतीच्या आदिम स्वरूपाचा ग्रामीण समाजावर कसा परिणाम होतो ?
(a) गरीबी दूर करते.
(b) कृषी उत्पादनात वाढ होते.
(c) त्यातून सांस्कृतिक विविधता येते.
(d) याचा परिणाम पिरॅमिडल सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रणालीमध्ये होतो.
पर्यायी उत्तरे :
EN
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions (Q. 11 to 15):
Since Economic production is the basic activity of a human aggregate, the mode of production (productive forces and social relations of production) plays a determining role in shaping the social structure, the psychology and the ideology of that human aggregate.
Rural society is based predominantly on agriculture. Village agriculture is sharply distinguished from urban industry by the fact that it is based on direct extraction from Nature by man.
Land is the basic means of production in the countryside. Land is a part of Nature, though made arable by human labour. From land, the rural people produce, by means of technique and their labour power, such a variety of agrarian products as food, cotton, jute, tea, coffee, tobacco, and others.
Urban industry only transforms the products of agriculture into industrial products. In city factories and mills, such agricultural products as cotton, jute and sugarcane are transformed into cotton and jute cloth and sugar respectively.
This basic difference between agriculture and industry plays a significant role in shaping the social institutions, the psychology and the ideology of the rural and urban populations.
Further, the level of production and the way in which the products are distributed among the different strata of a society, determine the level of the material prosperity of the society as a whole and of the various socio-economic groups comprising it. They also, to a very large extent, mould the institutional set up of that society as well as the cultural life of its people.
For instance, in India, the primitive nature of agriculture, the resultant low level of agricultural production and the specific types of land relations which determine the differing shares of agricultural products among the social groups composing the rural society, explain the general poverty of the rural people, their hierarchic gradation into a pyramidal system of socio-economic groups and, further, their distinct social institutions and cultural backwardness. They also largely fix their customs, conceptions, and social mores. How does the premitive nature of agriculture in India affect rural society?
(a) It eliminates poverty.
(b) It increases agricultural production.
(c) It leads to cultural diversity.
(d) It result in a pyramidal socio-economic system.
Answer options:
Rural society is based predominantly on agriculture. Village agriculture is sharply distinguished from urban industry by the fact that it is based on direct extraction from Nature by man.
Land is the basic means of production in the countryside. Land is a part of Nature, though made arable by human labour. From land, the rural people produce, by means of technique and their labour power, such a variety of agrarian products as food, cotton, jute, tea, coffee, tobacco, and others.
Urban industry only transforms the products of agriculture into industrial products. In city factories and mills, such agricultural products as cotton, jute and sugarcane are transformed into cotton and jute cloth and sugar respectively.
This basic difference between agriculture and industry plays a significant role in shaping the social institutions, the psychology and the ideology of the rural and urban populations.
Further, the level of production and the way in which the products are distributed among the different strata of a society, determine the level of the material prosperity of the society as a whole and of the various socio-economic groups comprising it. They also, to a very large extent, mould the institutional set up of that society as well as the cultural life of its people.
For instance, in India, the primitive nature of agriculture, the resultant low level of agricultural production and the specific types of land relations which determine the differing shares of agricultural products among the social groups composing the rural society, explain the general poverty of the rural people, their hierarchic gradation into a pyramidal system of socio-economic groups and, further, their distinct social institutions and cultural backwardness. They also largely fix their customs, conceptions, and social mores. How does the premitive nature of agriculture in India affect rural society?
(a) It eliminates poverty.
(b) It increases agricultural production.
(c) It leads to cultural diversity.
(d) It result in a pyramidal socio-economic system.
Answer options: