पुढील उतारा काळजीपूर्वक वाचून त्यावर आधारित प्रश्नांची उत्तरे द्या :
सक्षमीकरण आणि सामाजिक समावेशन (Empowerment vs Social Inclusion)
काही जाणकारांनी सक्षमीकरण व सामाजिक सर्वसमावेशकता ह्या एकमेकांशी निगडीत परंतु स्वतंत्र संकल्पना असल्याची मांडणी केली आहे. सक्षमीकरण म्हणजे व्यक्ती आणि समूहाच्या साधनसंपत्ती व क्षमतांमध्ये झालेली वाढ, ज्यामुळे ते त्यांच्यावर प्रभाव टाकणाऱ्या संस्थांना जबाबदार धरू शकतात आणि प्रभावित करू शकतात. याउलट, सामाजिक सर्वसमावेशकतेची व्याख्या संस्थात्मक अडथळे दूर करणे व समाजातील विविध व्यक्ती व समुदायांना साधनसंपत्ती आणि विकासाच्या संधी मिळविण्यासाठी सुविधांमध्ये वाढ करणे अशी केली जाते. सक्षमीकरणाची प्रक्रिया 'उर्ध्वगामी' (खालून वर - Bottom-up) पद्धतीने चालते आणि त्यामध्ये व्यक्ती आणि समुदायाची कर्ते (Agency) म्हणून भूमिका असते. याउलट सामाजिक समावेशकतेसाठी व्यवस्थेत बदल आवश्यक असतो आणि तो 'अधोगामी' (वरून खाली - Top-down) पद्धतीने राबवला जाऊ शकतो.
सक्षमीकरण ही अधोगामी नसून उर्ध्वगामी प्रक्रिया आहे. लिंगसमानता किंवा समता यातून स्त्री-पुरुषांच्या जीवनात समानतेची पातळी दर्शविली जाते. यामध्ये त्यांच्या भिन्न गरजा व आवडीनिवडींचा स्वीकार करून संसाधने आणि सामर्थ्याच्या पुनर्वाटपाची गरज असते.
सक्षमीकरण ही उर्ध्वगामी प्रक्रिया असल्याने लाभार्थ्यांनी त्यामध्ये प्रामुख्याने स्वतःचे म्हणणे मांडणे गरजेचे असते. या अर्थाने विकास संस्था महिला सक्षमीकरणाचा थेट दावा करू शकत नाहीत; त्या फक्त योग्य बाह्य मदत किंवा मध्यस्थी करू शकतात, जी सक्षमीकरणाची प्रक्रिया गतिमान करणारा उत्प्रेरक घटक ठरू शकते. सक्षमीकरणाचा हा व्यक्तीकेंद्री दृष्टिकोन भारत सरकारच्या ध्येयधोरणांना एक मोठा धक्का आहे, जी धोरणे सहसा केंद्रात आखली जातात आणि स्थानिक लोकांच्या गरजांची दखल न घेता स्थानिक पातळीवर लादली जातात. कोणताही सरकारी हस्तक्षेप तेव्हाच यशस्वी होईल जेव्हा तो अधोगामीऐवजी उर्ध्वगामी दृष्टिकोन स्वीकारेल. योजनाकर्ते महिलांच्या गरजा आधीच जाणू शकतात हे गृहीतक सक्षमीकरणाच्या मूळ तत्त्वाशी विसंगत आहे, कारण महिला स्वतः आपले हित आणि प्राधान्यक्रम ठरवू शकतात. शासनाने केवळ महिलांचा सहभाग वाढवणे, कौशल्य संपादन, निर्णयक्षमता आणि साधनसामग्रीवरील हक्क यांसाठी पूरक वातावरण निर्माण केले पाहिजे.
सक्षमीकरण हा 'शून्यगामी खेळ' (Zero-sum game) नाही हे समजून घेतले पाहिजे. अशा खेळात एकाचा लाभ म्हणजे दुसऱ्याचे नुकसान असते. महिलांचे सबलीकरण झाले म्हणजे पुरुषांचे निर्बलीकरण होते असा याचा अर्थ मुळीच नाही. उलट, सक्षमीकरण ही एक अशी प्रक्रिया आहे जी समाजाच्या सर्वांगीण सक्षमीकरणाकडे नेते.
महिला सक्षमीकरण आणि पुरुष सक्षमीकरण यात परस्पर विरोधाभास नाही कारण :
अ. सक्षमीकरण हा शून्यावर्ती (Zero-sum) प्रकार नाही.
ब. महिलांचे सबलीकरण पुरुषांना आपोआप निर्बल करत नाही.
क. भारतातील पुरुष व स्त्रियांचे प्रमाण पाहता पुरुष संख्येत खूप जास्त आहेत.
पर्यायी उत्तरे :
EN
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions based on it:
Empowerment and Social Inclusion: Conceptual Framework & Governance Some experts have developed a framework in which “empowerment” and “social inclusion” are closely related but separate concepts. Empowerment is “the enhancement of assets and capabilities of diverse individuals and groups to engage, influence and hold accountable the institutions which affect them.” Social inclusion is defined as “the removal of institutional barriers and the enhancement of incentives to increase the access of diverse individuals and groups to assets and development opportunities.” The empowerment process, in this case, operates “from below” (bottom-up) and involves agency, as exercised by individuals and groups. Social inclusion, in contrast, requires systemic change that may be initiated “from above” (top-down). Empowerment emerges from “bottom-up” rather than “top-down”. Gender equality or equity indicates the degree of equivalence in life outcomes for women and men. It recognizes their different needs and interests and requires a redistribution of power and resources. Empowerment is a bottom-up process, i.e., the stakeholders have the first say. This way of understanding empowerment indicates that development agencies cannot claim to empower women; rather, they can provide appropriate external support and intervention, which may act as a catalytic factor in enhancing the empowerment process. The individual focus of empowerment gives a jolt to major policy programmes of the Indian government, which are mostly made at the central level and imposed at the local level taking no cognizance of the needs and concerns of local people. Any government intervention can be successful only when it adopts a bottom-up rather than a top-down process. The assumption that planners can identify women’s needs runs against empowerment objectives, which imply that women themselves formulate and decide what their interests are. Governments can support women’s individual empowerment by encouraging participation, acquisition of skills, decision-making capacity, and control over resources. Further, empowerment should not be understood as a zero-sum game wherein gains of one lead to the loss of the other, i.e., empowerment of women automatically results in the disempowerment of men. Rather, it must be conceived as a collaborative process that leads to overall societal empowerment. There is no trade-off between women empowerment and men empowerment because : a. empowerment is not a zero sum game.
b. women empowerment does not automatically result in disempowerment of men.
c. men outnumber women considering male to female ratio in India. Alternative Answers :
Empowerment and Social Inclusion: Conceptual Framework & Governance Some experts have developed a framework in which “empowerment” and “social inclusion” are closely related but separate concepts. Empowerment is “the enhancement of assets and capabilities of diverse individuals and groups to engage, influence and hold accountable the institutions which affect them.” Social inclusion is defined as “the removal of institutional barriers and the enhancement of incentives to increase the access of diverse individuals and groups to assets and development opportunities.” The empowerment process, in this case, operates “from below” (bottom-up) and involves agency, as exercised by individuals and groups. Social inclusion, in contrast, requires systemic change that may be initiated “from above” (top-down). Empowerment emerges from “bottom-up” rather than “top-down”. Gender equality or equity indicates the degree of equivalence in life outcomes for women and men. It recognizes their different needs and interests and requires a redistribution of power and resources. Empowerment is a bottom-up process, i.e., the stakeholders have the first say. This way of understanding empowerment indicates that development agencies cannot claim to empower women; rather, they can provide appropriate external support and intervention, which may act as a catalytic factor in enhancing the empowerment process. The individual focus of empowerment gives a jolt to major policy programmes of the Indian government, which are mostly made at the central level and imposed at the local level taking no cognizance of the needs and concerns of local people. Any government intervention can be successful only when it adopts a bottom-up rather than a top-down process. The assumption that planners can identify women’s needs runs against empowerment objectives, which imply that women themselves formulate and decide what their interests are. Governments can support women’s individual empowerment by encouraging participation, acquisition of skills, decision-making capacity, and control over resources. Further, empowerment should not be understood as a zero-sum game wherein gains of one lead to the loss of the other, i.e., empowerment of women automatically results in the disempowerment of men. Rather, it must be conceived as a collaborative process that leads to overall societal empowerment. There is no trade-off between women empowerment and men empowerment because : a. empowerment is not a zero sum game.
b. women empowerment does not automatically result in disempowerment of men.
c. men outnumber women considering male to female ratio in India. Alternative Answers :