खालील उतारा वाचून त्यावर आधारित प्रश्नांची उत्तरे द्या :
भारतातील संघीय वित्त व्यवस्था
केंद्र आणि स्थानिक सरकार यांच्यात अधिकारांचे झालेले केंद्रीकरण आणि वाटप तसेच केंद्रीय आणि स्थानिय शासन यांतील संबंध यावर आधारित सरकारांचे केंद्रीय आणि संघीय सरकार असे वर्गिकरण केले जाते. केंद्रीय व्यवस्थेत सर्व सरकारी सत्ता, संविधान, एका केंद्रीय घटकाला देते आणि स्थानिक सरकारला मिळणारी सत्ता केंद्राने दिलेल्या सत्तेवर अवलंबून असते. अशा प्रकारची सरकारी व्यवस्था इंग्लंड (यू.के.), फ्रांस, जर्मनी, ऑस्ट्रीया आणि अनेक आशियाई देशात अस्तित्वात आहे. याउलट संघीय व्यवस्थेमध्ये व्यक्तिगत राज्यांचे विभाजन आणि वितरण होते, की ज्यांचे मिळून संघीय सरकार तयार होते. सत्ता विभाजनाचे सर्वसाधारण तत्व असे असते की, संघराज्याच्या सार्वत्रिक हिताचे आणि एकात्मता निर्माण होण्यास आवश्यक नियमनातील साम्य राखणारे व्यवहार केंद्रीय सरकारास दिले जातात, तर स्थानिक पातळीवरील व्यवहार राज्य सरकारांना राखून ठेवले जातात. संघीय वित्त व्यवस्थेची दोन उत्तम उदाहरणे म्हणजे अमेरिका (यू.एस.ए.) आणि कॅनडा होय. स्वातंत्र्य मिळाल्यानंतर भारताने सुद्धा संघीय सरकारी व्यवस्थेचा स्वीकार अमेरिका आणि कॅनडा प्रमाणेच केला.
देशात सत्तेचे विभाजन करून संघीय सरकारची व्यवस्था केंद्र आणि राज्य सरकार मधील वित्तीय संबंध सुनिश्चित करते. परंतु, त्यात कांही खास समस्या आहेत ज्यांचा संघीय वित्त व्यवस्थेत निर्धाराने सामना करणे आवश्यक आहे. त्या म्हणजे; (i) केंद्र आणि राज्य सरकारांना दिलेली कार्ये सुयोग्यपणे पूर्ण करण्यासाठी पुरेशी महसूल साधने उपलब्ध असावीत. तथापि, आधुनिक राज्यात, त्याची नेहमीच खात्री देणे शक्य नाही, आणि प्रत्येक सरकारच्या गरजा आणि महसूल साधने यांत परिपूर्ण समतोल न साधण्याचीच शक्यता अधिक. म्हणून अशी एक यंत्रणा निर्माण करणे आवश्यक ठरते की, जी तूट आणि अधिक्य स्थितीत समायोजन घडवून आणू शकेल (ii) प्रत्येक सरकारकडे स्वतंत्र वित्तीय प्राधिकरण असावे, म्हणजेच प्रत्येक सरकारकडे दिलेली कार्ये कार्यक्षमरीत्या पूर्ण करण्यास खर्चाचे अधिकार, स्वतंत्र महसुलाची साधने आणि कर आकारण्याचे अधिकार असावेत तसेच कर्ज उभारण्याचे स्वातंत्र्य असावे आणि (iii) संघीय करांच्या प्रदानासंदर्भात राज्याराज्यातील भेदभाव टाळण्यासाठी संघराज्याच्या प्रत्येक क्षेत्रात एकसमानता सुनिश्चित करणे आवश्यक आहे.
खालीलपैकी कोणत्या देशांनी संघीय वित्त व्यवस्था स्वीकारली आहे?
EN
Read the following passage and answer the questions:
Federal Finance in India Governments may be classified into unitary and federal depending upon the concentration and distribution of power and the relation between the central and local authorities. Under the unitary system, whole power of government is conferred by the constitution upon a single central organ and local governments derive whatever authority they possess from this central organ. This system of government is prevalent in the UK, France, Germany, Austria and most of the countries of Asia. As against the unitary system, federal system provides for a distribution and division of the individual states of which the federation is composed. The general principle of division of power is such that affairs of common interest to the federation as a whole and thus requiring uniformity of regulation are placed under the Central Government, while all local affairs are left to the state governments. The two classic examples of federal system are the USA and Canada. After Independence, India also opted for a federal system of government on the lines of the USA and Canada. The distribution of powers in countries adopting the federal system of government defines the financial relations between the central and the state governments. However, there are some special problems that have to be grappled within federal financial system. These are : (i) The sources of revenue assigned to the centre and the states should be adequate to enable them to fulfil the functions allotted to them. However, in modern states, it is frequently not possible to ensure this and it is highly unlikely that the needs and resources of each government will be exactly balanced. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evolve a mechanism of adjustments so that shortages and surpluses are evened out; (ii) Each government should have independent financial authority, i.e., each government should have separate sources of revenue, powers to levy taxes and borrow, and to incur expenditure to carry out its functions effectively; and (iii) A certain uniformity should be ensured in all areas of the federation so that no preference is given to one state over the other as regards payment of federal taxes. Which of the following countries have adopted a federal system of government finance?
Federal Finance in India Governments may be classified into unitary and federal depending upon the concentration and distribution of power and the relation between the central and local authorities. Under the unitary system, whole power of government is conferred by the constitution upon a single central organ and local governments derive whatever authority they possess from this central organ. This system of government is prevalent in the UK, France, Germany, Austria and most of the countries of Asia. As against the unitary system, federal system provides for a distribution and division of the individual states of which the federation is composed. The general principle of division of power is such that affairs of common interest to the federation as a whole and thus requiring uniformity of regulation are placed under the Central Government, while all local affairs are left to the state governments. The two classic examples of federal system are the USA and Canada. After Independence, India also opted for a federal system of government on the lines of the USA and Canada. The distribution of powers in countries adopting the federal system of government defines the financial relations between the central and the state governments. However, there are some special problems that have to be grappled within federal financial system. These are : (i) The sources of revenue assigned to the centre and the states should be adequate to enable them to fulfil the functions allotted to them. However, in modern states, it is frequently not possible to ensure this and it is highly unlikely that the needs and resources of each government will be exactly balanced. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evolve a mechanism of adjustments so that shortages and surpluses are evened out; (ii) Each government should have independent financial authority, i.e., each government should have separate sources of revenue, powers to levy taxes and borrow, and to incur expenditure to carry out its functions effectively; and (iii) A certain uniformity should be ensured in all areas of the federation so that no preference is given to one state over the other as regards payment of federal taxes. Which of the following countries have adopted a federal system of government finance?